Nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev nrawm nrawm ntawm lub neej, cov khoom siv yas pov tseg cov zaub mov togo tau dhau los ua cov khoom ntim khoom noj uas tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub no. Kev txheeb cais qhia tau hais tias kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom xa khoom lag luam tau tshaj 600 billion yuan, nrog ntau dua 500 lab cov neeg siv thiab qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub xaj ntim ntau tshaj 40 lab. Hauv kev lag luam loj no, cov thawv ntim khoom noj khoom haus yas, nrog rau lawv qhov zoo ntawm "lub teeb yuag, ruaj khov, thiab qis- tus nqi," muaj ntau dua 70% ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj thiab cov khw muag khoom noj ceev. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov neeg siv khoom noj qab haus huv ntau dua - nco qab, kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv yas pov tseg togo lub thawv tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau ntxiv, nrog rau ib qho kev sib cav tseem ceeb yog: cov thawv ntim pob tshab puas muaj kev nyab xeeb dua?
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua lag luam qhia tau hais tias 70% ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntseeg tias "pob tshab cov khoom noj togo lub thawv muaj kev nyab xeeb dua," thaum tsuas yog 23% ntawm cov neeg siv nquag tshawb xyuas cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom noj togo ntshiab. Qhov kev xav tsis zoo no qhia txog kev nkag siab tsis zoo ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntshiab togo thiab qhia txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv - kev tshawb fawb tob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm pob tshab thiab kev nyab xeeb. Qhov tseeb, kev sib raug zoo ntawm pob tshab thiab kev nyab xeeb tsis yog ib qho kev sib raug zoo yooj yim, tab sis qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau yam nyuaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev siv tshuab.
I. Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Paus thiab Transparency Mechanism of Disposable Plastic clear food togo boxes
1.1 Cov Khoom Siv Tseem Ceeb thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv pom tseeb
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus uas siv tau pov tseg hauv cov thawv ntim khoom noj feem ntau suav nrog PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), thiab PET (polyethylene terephthalate). Lawv txawv heev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm pob tshab, tshav kub tsis kam, thiab kev nyab xeeb.
- PP (polypropylene), tam sim no cov khoom noj khoom haus ntshiab togo cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab khoom noj khoom haus, muaj cov cua sov zoo thiab tuaj yeem siv tau ntev ntev hauv qhov kub ntawm 100-120℃. Nws kuj muaj tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, zoo tiv thaiv acids, alkalis, thiab roj, thiab siab zog thiab rigidity. Cov khoom tsis muaj xim PP yog xim dawb thiab ib nrab pob tshab nrog ib qho kev ntxhib los mos. Nws yog sib dua li polyethylene, muaj pob tshab zoo dua li polyethylene, thiab nruj dua. Los ntawm kev hloov kho nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm nucleating, lub teeb xa hluav taws xob ntawm PP tuaj yeem nce los ntawm kwv yees li 60% mus rau ntau dua 90%, thiab cov nplaim taws txo qis rau qis dua 10%, ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ze rau PET thiab PS.
- PS (polystyrene) boasts zoo heev pob tshab; Nws yog pob tshab thaum tsis muaj xim thiab ua rau lub suab meej, xim hlau thaum poob los yog tapped. Nws zoo heev gloss thiab pob tshab zoo li iav. PS cov khoom muaj lub teeb xa hluav taws xob ntau tshaj 90%, mus rau iav - zoo li qhov zoo, qhia meej cov xim thiab cov duab ntawm cov zaub mov sab hauv, muab kev pom zoo rau kev pom zoo, thiab ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov ntim khoom noj uas qhov pom kev pom yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, PS muaj cov cua sov tsis zoo, tsuas yog zam qhov kub ntawm 70-90 degree; Tshaj qhov ntau yam no yuav ua rau nws muag, deform, thiab tso tawm cov khoom tsis zoo. Nws tseem ua rau brittleness ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
- PET (polyethylene terephthalate) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov pob tshab tsis tshua muaj siab, siab tawv, thiab kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm ntev - khaws cov zaub mov. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj qhov tsis zoo thaum tshav kub kub tsis zoo (tsuas yog zam qhov kub qis dua 60 degree; nws yooj yim deforms ntawm qhov kub thiab txias) thiab tsis tuaj yeem microwaved. PET's molecular chains yog tsim los ntawm ester daim ntawv cog lus txuas terephthalic acid thiab ethylene glycol, tsim kom muaj cov qauv zoo li qub thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev. Cov qauv molecular niaj hnub no tso cai rau PET qee qhov crystallize nyob rau hauv qee yam mob, txawm hais tias crystallinity tsawg.
1.2 Lub Physicochemical Xwm ntawm Transparency
Lub pob tshab ntawm cov yas tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm lub teeb tawg los ntawm cov khoom siv sab hauv. Ob qho xwm txheej yog tsim nyog rau cov khoom yas kom pob tshab: ua ntej, cov khoom yuav tsum yog amorphous; thib ob, txawm hais tias qee qhov crystalline, cov khoom yuav tsum yog me me, me dua li qhov dav ntawm lub teeb pom kev, thiab tsis cuam tshuam qhov kev sib kis ntawm pom thiab nyob ze - lub teeb infrared nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci spectrum.
Rau crystalline polymers, crystallinity yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau pob tshab. Ntau dua crystallinity ua rau qis dua pob tshab vim tias lub teeb tawg tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm crystalline thiab amorphous cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, tag nrho amorphous polystyrene (PS) films muaj tsis tshua muaj haze, thaum crystalline polypropylene films nrog loj siv lead ua loj yuav pom ntau dua haze. Los ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem crystallization thiab txo cov spheroid loj rau hauv qab lub wavelength ntawm pom lub teeb, lub teeb tsis refrac los yog xav txog, thiab txawm tias crystallization, lub pob tshab polymer tseem tsis cuam tshuam.
Qhov ntsuas ntau ntawm pob tshab feem ntau suav nrog lub teeb xa hluav taws xob thiab haze. Transmittance (Tt) yog qhov feem pua ntawm cov luminous flux kis tau los ntawm cov qauv mus rau qhov teeb meem luminous flux, xav txog cov khoom siv tag nrho lub teeb xa mus. Haze (H) yog qhov feem pua ntawm cov luminous flux tawg los ntawm cov qauv mus rau tag nrho cov luminous flux, uas qhia txog qhov pom ntawm qhov muag tsis pom lossis turbidity ntawm cov khoom. Raws li lub teb chaws tus qauv GB / T 2410-2008 "Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Transmittance thiab Haze ntawm pob tshab yas," lub transmittance ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj los yog sib npaug zos rau 90%, thiab cov haze yuav tsum tsawg tshaj li los yog sib npaug zos rau 0.5% kom pom tseeb meej.
1.3 Yam tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau Transparency
Dhau li ntawm cov yam ntxwv crystalline ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, cov hauv qab no cuam tshuam rau cov pob tshab ntawm cov yas: Molecular structural regularity yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab pob tshab. Aromatic nplhaib rigid- chain polymers (xws li PC thiab PS) muaj benzene rings nyob rau hauv lawv cov saw tseem ceeb, uas cuam tshuam cov saw molecular rotation, tsim siab -lub zog, siab -pob tshab (PC transmittance 90%) cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis nrog siab sab hauv thiab ib tug nyiam tawg. Amorphous polymers, vim lawv qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov molecular tsis zoo, feem ntau pob tshab dua li semi-crystalline polymers. Piv txwv li, polystyrene (PS) yog ib qho amorphous polymer, feem ntau siv rau hauv pob tshab ntim vim nws siab pob tshab. Cov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau pob tshab. Kub, txias npaum li cas, stretch ratio, thiab demolding txoj kev tag nrho ua rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm ua, yog li cuam tshuam rau optical kis tau tus mob. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev txhaj tshuaj stretch tshuab molding ntawm PET, cov txheej txheem stretching orients PET molecules, nce lub raj mis pob tshab los ntawm 30% (kev xa tawm ntau dua 90%), thaum tib lub sijhawm nce kev cuam tshuam lub zog los ntawm 40%.
Kev siv cov tshuaj ntxiv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho pob tshab. Nucleating agents induce tsim cov finer, ntau cov qauv spherulitic nyob rau hauv polyolefin molecular chains thaum lub sij hawm yaj txias, txo cov khoom haze thiab nce lub teeb transmittance. Novel nucleating agents, ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntxiv (feem ntau 0.1% - 0.3%), tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kub thiab txias ntawm PP (los ntawm 8-15 degree) thaum txo qis haze (qis qis dua 5%), ua rau lub teeb xa tawm ntau tshaj 90%.
II. Consumer Choice Perspective: Transparency Preference and Cognitive Misconceptions
2.1 Qhov tseeb Cov Neeg Siv Khoom nyiam rau Transparency
Cov neeg siv khoom nyiam rau cov pob tshab ntawm cov khoom siv yas pov tseg togo lub thawv feem ntau yog los ntawm lawv qhov "visualization" kom zoo dua. Kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias cov neeg siv khoom qhov kev txiav txim siab- ua lub sij hawm txo los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm 30% thaum yuav khoom noj nrog pob tshab ntim; "muaj peev xwm pom" tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntim khoom noj niaj hnub no.
Rau cov tsev neeg zoo tib yam, qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov thawv yas pov tseg pob tshab yog "pob ntseg cia." Braised nqaij npuas thiab cov tais diav txias hauv lub tub yees, khaws cia rau hauv lub thawv pob tshab, tuaj yeem pom tseeb ntawm lawv cov tsos thiab qhov seem seem yam tsis tau qhib lub hau. Qhov no tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau rov qhib dua thiab tshawb nrhiav los ntawm kev ntim khoom, tiv thaiv huab cua txias los ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau kev khaws cia lwm yam khoom noj thiab tso cai rau kev tshawb pom raws sij hawm sai sai -rau- cov khoom xyaw tas mus li, txo cov khoom pov tseg.
Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim catering, qhov loj tshaj intuitive kom zoo dua ntawm pob tshab yas thawv yog lawv tag nrho pob tshab zaub nyhuv. Nrog lub teeb xa hluav taws xob ntau dua 90%, cov zaub mov pom meej hauv lub thawv. Cov thawv yas pob tshab feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom noj - qib PP cov khoom, uas sib txuas ua ke thiab tawv thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev. Cov thawv me me (xws li cov rau 6 lub txiv pos nphuab) yog qhov tsim nyog rau ib leeg - noj mov, tso cai rau cov neeg siv khoom xaiv raws li lawv xav tau; Cov thawv ntim loj dua (xws li cov zaub rau 1kg ua ntej- txiav zaub) yog qhov tsim nyog rau tsev neeg noj mov, nrog cov cim muaj peev xwm luam tawm ntawm lub thawv, tso cai rau cov neeg siv khoom nkag siab txog qhov loj me thiab txo qis kev tsis txaus siab txog "tsis txaus noj."
2.2 Cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus ntseeg txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Transparency thiab Safety
Thaum lub pob tshab nqa tau yooj yim, cov neeg siv khoom muaj kev nkag siab tsis zoo txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev pom tseeb thiab kev nyab xeeb. Cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias 70% ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntseeg tias "pob tshab, cov thawv ntim khoom noj kom zoo dua qub," thaum tsuas yog 23% ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv lo rau ntawm lub thawv zaub mov togo. Qhov kev xav tsis zoo no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov hauv qab no:
- Kev tsis pom zoo tias "pob tshab=kev nyab xeeb" yog qhov ntau tshaj. Ntau tus neeg tau txais kev pab ntseeg tias pob tshab yas ntshiab zaub mov togo lub thawv yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yas ntshiab thiab yog li muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub thawv pob tshab ntawm lub khw yog ua los ntawm PP5 lossis cov ntaub ntawv qib qis, tsuas yog tsim rau cov tub yees lossis chav tsev - cov zaub mov kub. Lawv yuav soften los yog deform nyob rau hauv high kub, tso co toxins. Hauv kev muaj tiag, cov xim ntawm cov yas tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev nyab xeeb. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias, cov khoom PE pob tshab tsis tas yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb dua li cov khoom siv PP dub.
- Tsis quav ntsej cov ntaub ntawv sau npe ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo nyab xeeb. Thaum yuav cov khoom ntim khoom noj uas muaj cov yas pov tseg pov tseg, cov neeg siv khoom yuav tsum xub kuaj xyuas "QS" lub cim thiab daim ntawv tso cai ntau lawm ntawm lub ntim. Yog tias cov no tsis muaj, tsis txhob yuav lawv. Xaiv cov khoom noj uas muaj cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj pov tseg uas muaj cov khoom noj zoo nkauj, txawm tias muaj xim zoo nkauj, thiab xaiv cov khoom tsis muaj cov qauv zoo nkauj thiab tsis muaj xim thiab pob tshab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb, cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau tsis muaj kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv yas thiab feem ntau txiav txim siab txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm lawv cov tsos, tsis quav ntsej txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej.
- Kev paub tsis txaus ntawm kev kub ntxhov siab - yog lwm qhov kev xav tsis zoo. Ntau tus neeg txiav txim siab txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom los ntawm lawv cov pob tshab, ruaj khov, thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw, uas yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg loj. PET (Tsis yog. 1 yas), feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub raj mis dej haus, muaj qhov kub tsis kam tsuas yog 70 degree, ua kom yooj yim tshaj qhov txwv kev nyab xeeb thaum siv rau cov kua zaub kub. PS (Tsis yog. 6 yas), hom nkig, pob tshab, muaj qhov kub tsis kam tsuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 60 degree, thiab tuaj yeem tso cov khoom tsis zoo sai sai thaum siv rau cov zaub mov tshiab.
2.3 Kev Xaiv Tus Cwj Pwm ntawm Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Siv Hais txog ntau hom Clear Food Togo Boxes
Cov neeg siv khoom xaiv tus cwj pwm hais txog ntau hom zaub mov ntshiab togo lub thawv nthuav tawm qhov tseeb qhov xwm txheej- raws li cov yam ntxwv. Hauv cov xwm txheej xa zaub mov, cov thawv ntim khoom yuav ua rau muaj pob (xws li dej ntws), ntev - lub sijhawm cia (yuav tsum tau rwb thaiv tsev), thiab tej zaum yuav muaj cua sov microwave (qee tus neeg siv yuav tsum tau cua sov thib ob). Yog li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom ua qhov tseem ceeb rau cov thawv yas PP (kub resistant rau 130 degree, microwaveable) los yog PLA / PBAT biodegradable ntim (kub resistant rau 90 degree, environmentally friendly). Cov ntim khoom no yuav tsum muaj lub snapshot - ntawm lub hau kaw (kom tiv thaiv kev nchuav) thiab tiv thaiv - hauv qab (kom tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob ntog thaum xa khoom).
Hauv cov xwm txheej ntim khoom noj ceev ceev, cov neeg tau txais kev pabcuam tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev pom tseeb. Cov thawv yas pob tshab (polycarbonate PC) muaj cov cua sov zoo (120 degree) thiab yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom noj togo. Cov thawv yog semi- pob tshab / dawb huv thiab hloov tau. PS cov khoom muaj pob tshab thiab tus nqi qis, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom noj txias lossis txias xws li cov zaub nyoos thiab sushi, tab sis nws deforms yooj yim thaum cua sov thiab yuav tsum zam rau cov zaub mov kub.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej cua sov microwave, cov neeg siv khoom tau ceev faj ntau dua hauv lawv cov kev xaiv. PP (polypropylene) yog tib cov yas uas tuaj yeem ua microwaved, nrog rau qhov kub ntawm 120 degree. Nws tau ntawv pov thawj zoo los ntawm EU thiab FDA. Lub cim "5" nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub thawv yog qhov tseem ceeb; nws raug pom zoo kom xaiv cov khoom pob tshab, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw. PS ua npuas ncauj ntshiab togo thawv muag muag ntawm 95℃thiab muaj styrene tso tawm ntau tshaj tus qauv los ntawm 3 zaug; lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob microwaved kiag li.
Hauv cov xwm txheej khaws cia hauv tub yees, pob tshab thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb sib npaug. Cov khoom siv PET muaj qhov tsis zoo - qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam, haum rau lub tub yees txias, thiab tsis muaj cov khoom tsis zoo xws li BPA thiab cov yas yas. Cov thawv ntim khoom noj tuaj yeem hloov mus rau qhov chaw qis dua - qhov kub thiab txias thiab yuav tsis tawg lossis deform vim qhov kub thiab txias hauv lub freezer ntau dhau, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov zaub mov hauv lub xeev khov. Lawv feem ntau tuaj yeem hloov kho tau zoo rau qhov qis - qhov kub thiab txias ib puag ncig ntawm lub freezer compartment thiab tuaj yeem siv tau ib txwm nyob ib puag ncig -20℃.
III. Kev Txhim Kho Khoom Muag: Sib npaug Transparency Enhancement Technology thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb
3.1 Cov khoom tsim qauv tsim rau qhov sib txawv Transparency theem
Hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, kev ua tiav cov pob tshab sib txawv feem ntau suav nrog peb txoj hauv kev: siv cov catalysts los tsim pob tshab PP, hloov PP nrog pob tshab nucleating agents, thiab sib xyaw nrog lwm cov resins los tsim pob tshab PP.
Siv cov catalysts los tsim pob tshab PP yog txoj kev ncaj tshaj plaws. Kev tsim khoom ntawm ethylene-propylene random copolymer PP siv Z-N catalysts koom nrog kev sib xyaw propylene thiab ethylene gases, siv cov catalyst kom tau txais comonomers thiab ntau yam monomer polymerization ntu, tsim PP molecular chains los ntawm cov saw loj hlob thiab cov saw hlau hloov mus rau PP, thaum kawg tau txais kev hloov pauv ntawm cov saw hlau txuas ntxiv. 94%, qhov tseem ceeb nce mus txog qhov pom ntawm pob tshab polyethylene. Metallocene catalysts muaj lub pob tshab zoo dua- txhim kho cov nyhuv piv rau Z-N catalysts. Nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm pob tshab PP, lawv muaj peev xwm tswj crystallinity, precisely tswj molecular hnyav, thiab tswj cov comonomer embedding txoj kev, ua syndiotactic, atactic, thiab isotactic PP sib tov nrog siab transparency thiab siab zog.
Ntxiv pob tshab nucleating agents yog txoj kev hloov kho uas siv ntau tshaj plaws. Transparent nucleating agents yog cov kev hloov kho uas hloov cov crystallinity ntawm crystalline polymer resins tsis tiav thiab ua kom crystallization. Lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb suav nrog kev txhim kho cov pob tshab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xws li polypropylene (PP), kho cov qauv crystalline, txhim kho lub cev ntawm cov khoom, thiab ua kom luv luv. Thib peb- tiam sorbitol-raws li cov khoom lag luam (xws li NA-21 thiab DMDBS) tuaj yeem nce qhov kub ntawm qhov pib crystallization ntawm PP los ntawm 17 degree, thiab qhov nce ntawm pob tshab tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm 0.1%-0.3%. Cov khoom lag luam thib tsib (xws li NHS-9999) txuas ntxiv nthuav dav kev ua haujlwm kub thiab txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
Kev sib xyaw nrog lwm cov resins yog lwm txoj hauv kev ua tau. Kev sib xyaw ua kom sib kis tau zoo dua los ntawm kev siv ib lossis ntau lub polymers nrog lub ntsej muag refractive zoo ib yam li PP thiab cov txheej txheem dispersed particle loj me dua lub wavelength ntawm pom lub teeb. Los ntawm leveraging heterogeneous nucleation, cov siv lead ua loj ntawm PP yog txo, ua rau cov khoom transmittance. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias tsawg- ntom polyethylene (LDPE) thiab ethylene-propylene-diene copolymers yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas tsim nyog. Ntxiv 10% ntawm tus neeg sawv cev sib xyaw tuaj yeem txo cov siv lead ua loj ntawm PP, nce crystallinity, thiab txhim kho lub teeb kis ntawm cov khoom.
3.2 Qhov cuam tshuam dual ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv rau pob tshab thiab kev nyab xeeb
Thaum cov tshuaj ntxiv txhim kho pob tshab, lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab yuav tsum tau siv ceev faj. Nucleating agents yog hom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm additives. Lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nqis tes ua yog muab ntau qhov chaw nucleation tsis sib xws, hloov pauv cov pob zeb loj thiab tsis sib haum xeeb tsim los ntawm PP hauv qab ntuj txias rau hauv ntau, nplua - loj, thiab sib faib cov qauv microcrystalline. Cov qauv microcrystalline niaj hnub no zoo heev txo lub teeb tawg, yog li txhim kho lub teeb xa hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom lag luam, txo qis haze, thiab ib txhij muab cov khoom zoo heev nto gloss.
Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov tshuaj ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev nyab xeeb. Piv txwv li, ib txwm sorbitol-raws li nucleating agents yuav tso tawm aldehyde tebchaw thaum ua. Txawm hais tias peb tiam - cov khoom lag luam tau daws qhov teeb meem no, lawv cov nqi kuj tseem siab. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau txo cov nqi, qee lub tuam txhab yuav siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua lossis kev lag luam- qib additives. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav muaj cov khoom tsis zoo xws li cov hlau hnyav thiab cov yas yas, ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom.
Kev siv cov fillers muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si pob tshab thiab kev nyab xeeb. Cov muab tub lim siv hauv polyolefin muab tub lim masterbatches feem ntau hnyav calcium carbonate, ua raws li inorganic fillers xws li talc, kaolin, thiab calcium hmoov. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fillers yog feem ntau xav txog peb yam: ua ntej, nws cuam tshuam cov khoom zoo, feem ntau los ntawm kev txo cov tawv nqaij; thib ob, nws nce cov khoom tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus; thiab peb, nws cuam tshuam rau cov xim ntawm cov khoom. Txawm tias pob tshab muab tub lim masterbatches yuav muaj qee qhov cuam tshuam rau pob tshab, thiab qhov ntau dua qhov ntxiv thiab cov khoom tuab dua, qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua.
Pob tshab hmoov yog ib hom tshwj xeeb muab tub lim. Thaum lub refractive Performance index ntawm cov hmoov inorganic nyob ze rau ntawm cov yas (1.5%), cov muab tub lim yuav muaj zoo pob tshab. Cov pob tshab ntau yog feem ntau lub teeb grey nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus yas. Yog hais tias tus muab tub lim tsuas muaj ib qho kev ntsuas refractive nkaus xwb thiab nws nyob ze rau qhov refractive index ntawm lub hauv paus yas, ntev li ntev tau raws li qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom muab tub lim tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm lub hauv paus cob, cov khoom muab tub lim yuav pob tshab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov gloss yog nyob rau hauv cov kev txiav txim hauv qab no: iav microspheres < precipitated barium sulfate < barite < kaolin < calcium carbonate < iav fiber < talc < mica .
3.3 Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab ntawm Kev Pom Zoo thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb
Kev tswj cov txheej txheem ua tsis tau muaj kev txiav txim siab rau qhov pom tseeb thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom kawg. Hauv kev txhaj tshuaj molding, kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub chim kub yog feem ntau teem raws li ib tug "gradient nce", maj mam nce los ntawm lub hopper mus rau lub nozzle kom haum raws li cov khoom hloov los ntawm ib tug khoom mus rau lub molten lub xeev. Kev txhaj tshuaj molding theem muaj xws li kev txhaj tshuaj ceev, txhaj tshuaj, tuav lub sijhawm thiab tuav, thiab lub sijhawm txias. Cov kev ntsuas no cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov khoom geometry, qhov tseeb qhov tseeb, thiab qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw. Rau kev txhaj tshuaj molding ntawm cov khoom pob tshab, cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb: Qhov kub thiab txias yuav ua rau cov yas decomposition lossis discoloration, thaum kub tsis txaus yuav ua rau opacity lossis tsim npuas; Kev txhaj tshuaj nrawm txiav txim siab tus nqi ntws ntawm cov yas molten, thiab ob qho tib si nrawm nrawm thiab qeeb qeeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom lag luam pob tshab thiab zoo; Yog hais tias cov yaj muaj npuas los yog qhov kev txhaj tshuaj nrawm dhau lawm, cov npuas yuav tshwm rau sab hauv lossis ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom, txo cov pob tshab ntawm cov khoom pob tshab.
3.4 Ntsuas Tus Nqi Tswj thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Ua Haujlwm
Hauv kev tsim khoom, muaj qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm kev tswj hwm tus nqi thiab kev nyab xeeb kev ua haujlwm. Los ntawm cov khoom siv tus nqi, PP tuav kwv yees li 55% ntawm kev ua lag luam sib koom vim nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab cov nqi tswj tau, thaum PS thiab PET muaj cov nqi qis dua tab sis cov cua sov tsis zoo.
Tshwj xeeb yog hais txog cov nqi khoom lag luam, cov thawv ntim khoom noj khoom haus uas siv tau yooj yim raug nqi kwv yees li 0.1-0.3 yuan txhua, thaum lub thawv noj su ua los ntawm cov hmoov nplej, pob kws, thiab lwm yam, raug nqi kwv yees li 0.4-0.6 yuan txhua. Biodegradable lub hnab yuav khoom ntawm qhov loj tib yam raug nqi kwv yees li 1.5 yuan txhua (7 npaug kim dua li cov hnab ib txwm muaj). Los ntawm kev tsim khoom loj, cov khoom siv pob tshab pov tseg cov thawv ntim khoom noj, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm PET lossis PP, muaj cov pob tshab siab, muaj zog tiv thaiv tshav kub (txog 120 degree), thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim khoom loj ua kom tus nqi ib lub thawv tsis pub dhau 0.3-0.5 yuan, 10% -15% qis dua cov khoom zoo sib xws ntawm lub khw.
Hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis los txhim kho pob tshab, cov txheej txheem sib txawv muaj cov nqi sib txawv. Siv metallocene catalysts yog qhov kim tshaj plaws tab sis ua rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws; ntxiv cov tshuaj nucleating muaj tus nqi nruab nrab thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo; Txoj kev sib tov yog qhov pheej yig tab sis yuav cuam tshuam rau lwm yam khoom siv. Cov tuam txhab lag luam yuav tsum nrhiav kom pom qhov sib npaug ntawm tus nqi thiab kev ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom muag thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam.
Kev txhim kho kev nyab xeeb feem ntau txhais tau tias cov nqi nce ntxiv. Piv txwv li, siv cov khoom noj- qib raw cov ntaub ntawv, nruj me ntsis tswj cov tshuaj ntxiv, thiab siv cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm siab dua txhua yam ua rau cov nqi tsim khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, cov khoom lag luam uas muaj kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb yuav tau txais kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, uas yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab kev nthuav dav. Yog li ntawd, cov tuam txhab lag luam yuav tsum ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyab xeeb kev ua tau zoo hauv kev tsim khoom thiab txhim kho tus nqi tsim nyog thaum ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
IV. Regulatory Compliance Perspective: Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem thiab Kev Pom Zoo Kom Pom Zoo
4.1 Cov Kev Cai Xeem Kawg ntawm Tuam Tshoj tus GB 4806 Series Standards
Tuam Tshoj txoj kev cai ntawm cov khoom siv pov tseg yas ntshiab togo thawv yog ua nruj me ntsis. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 6, 2024, kuv lub teb chaws tau ua raws "National Food Safety Standard - Yas Materials and Products for Food Contact" (GB 4806.7-2023), hloov lub GB 4806.6-2016 dhau los thiab GB 4806.7-2016 cov qauv, hu rau lub teb chaws cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv tus qauv tshiab muaj xws li: nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov, ntxiv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab - cov khoom siv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 40%) thiab cov khoom siv thermoplastic elastomer unvulcanized; qhia meej tias cov khoom cog fiber ntau yuav tsum tau tswj raws li cov khoom ntxiv; upgraded technical specifications, ntxiv tag nrho cov migration xeem ntawm aromatic thawj amines nrog ib tug kuaj pom txwv ntawm 0.01 mg / kg (EU txwv yog 0.002 mg / kg), txo cov bisphenol A (BPA) txwv los ntawm 0.6 mg / kg mus rau 0.05 mg / kg, thiab txwv tsis pub nws siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom me nyuam mos; simplified daim ntawv lo, tsis tas yuav tsum tau sau npe ntawm cov npe Suav nyuaj ntawm cov resins, tsuas yog ua raws li cov kev cai dav dav ntawm GB 4806.1 (xws li sau npe "yas PP").
Hais txog kev txwv kev tsiv teb tsaws tshuaj, tus txheej txheem tau teev tseg tias cov thawv ntim khoom noj khoom haus togo yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cov khoom tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov kev xav tau siv (xws li kub, sijhawm, thiab lwm yam), kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov tshuaj muaj feem cuam tshuam yuav tsum ua raws li kev txwv kev nyab xeeb, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws kev khiav hauj lwm kub yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov khoom. Cov kev txwv tshwj xeeb suav nrog: tag nrho kev tsiv teb tsaws Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 10 mg / dm² (tag nrho cov simulants), lub ntsiab lus tsis pub ntau tshaj 10 mg ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws ib square decimeter ntawm cov zaub mov ntshiab togo lub thawv thaj tsam; phthalates: DBP tsiv teb tsaws Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.3 mg / kg, BBP tsiv teb tsaws Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 30 mg / kg, DEHP tsiv teb tsaws tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.5 mg / kg; thawj cov tshuaj tsw qab amine migration: tag nrho PAA migration Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.01 mg/kg, aniline migration detection limit Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 0.001 mg/kg.
Hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, txawm hais tias tus qauv tsis qhia ncaj qha rau qhov pom tseeb, nws ua rau cov kev xav tau ntawm kev hnov lus: cov khoom yas yuav tsum tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj teeb meem txawv teb chaws, thiab tsis muaj xim sib txawv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov khoom uas tsis pom zoo, impurities, lossis cloudiness yuav ua tsis tau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas.
4.2 Kev sib piv ntawm cov qauv hauv Kev Lag Luam Thoob Ntiaj Teb Loj
Cov txheej txheem rau cov khoom siv pov tseg yas ntshiab togo thawv sib txawv thoob plaws lub tebchaws thiab cheeb tsam. Kev nkag siab txog qhov sib txawv no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom xa tawm thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
Lub khw EU siv cov txheej txheem nruj tshaj plaws. Txoj Cai European Union (EU) Tsis muaj. 10/2011 tau tsim "Union List," uas qhia meej txog cov khoom uas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus, suav nrog monomers, additives, thiab polymerization auxiliaries. Nws qhia meej txog kev siv, txwv kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw (SMLs), thiab lwm yam kev txwv rau txhua yam khoom. Hais txog kev txwv kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tag nrho cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 10 mg / dm² lossis 60 mg / kg (muaj feem xyuam rau cov thawv me me - ntim), cov kev txwv kev tsiv teb tsaws tshwj xeeb rau bisphenol A (BPA) yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 0.05 mg / kg, thiab qhov kev kuaj pom txwv rau thawj cov tshuaj tsw qab amines yog 0.002 mg / kg.
Teb Chaws Asmeskas FDA tswj cov tshuaj los ntawm 21 CFR cov cai thiab GRAS (Feem ntau Pom Zoo Raws Li Kev Nyab Xeeb), tsom rau tag nrho cov kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, monomer residues, thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb (xws li BPA). US FDA's Office of Food Additives Safety (OFAS) hais tias oligomers uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 1000 Da lossis tsawg dua tuaj yeem txav mus rau hauv cov zaub mov matrix thiab raug nqus los ntawm cov hnyuv.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov kev cai dav dav ntawm European Union, German LFGB yuav tsum tau kuaj ntxiv, suav nrog kev ntsuas kev hnov lus thiab hnyav hlau leaching, nrog rau kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom phom sij xws li azo dyes thiab formaldehyde.
Hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb feem ntau tswj qhov tsis ncaj ncees los ntawm kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag. Cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb xws li ASTM D1003 "Kev Txiav Txim Siab ntawm Cov Plastics" thiab ISO 13468 qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab yuav tsum muaj lub teeb xa hluav taws xob ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 85% thiab haze tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 3%. Cov qauv no muab kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
4.3 Kev tswj hwm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv sib txawv
Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm tsis ncaj qha faib cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm pob tshab, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm kev ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ntau qhov sib txawv.
Cov ntaub ntawv siab pob tshab feem ntau qhia txog kev siv cov khoom siv raw khoom thiab cov txheej txheem ua tiav ntau dua, ua kom yooj yim dua kom ua tau raws li cov cai tswj hwm. Piv txwv li, cov zaub mov - qib PET lub thawv muaj qhov pom tseeb siab heev, zoo li iav, tso cai rau pom tseeb ntawm cov zaub mov sab hauv yam tsis muaj huab cua, me ntsis, lossis impurities; thaum lub thawv PET tsis zoo yuav muaj cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, muaj qhov tsis zoo, khawb, thiab pom cov khoom zoo hauv qab lub teeb. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm qhov zoo no cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau seb cov khoom puas tuaj yeem dhau qhov kev soj ntsuam xyuas. Kev siv cov tshuaj ntxiv muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev ua raws cai. Kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv- cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam yuav tsum ua raws li GB 9685, "Standard for the Use of Additives in Food Contact Materials and Articles," uas qhia meej txog cov kev tso cai ntawm cov additives, lawv txoj kev siv, thiab kev siv ntau tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, thaum thib peb - tiam sorbitol- cov tshuaj nucleating muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias lawv tsis tso cov tshuaj phem thaum siv.
Cov ntaub ntawv sau npe yuav tsum yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua raws cai. Tus qauv tshiab ua kom yooj yim rau cov ntawv sau npe, tsis txwv kev siv cov npe Suav nyuaj rau cov resins, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim xws li "yas PP" tseem yuav tsum tau ua. Rau cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab, qhov siab tshaj plaws kev khiav hauj lwm kub yuav tsum tau qhia meej meej ntawm cov khoom, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntaub ntawv pob tshab uas tsis muaj cua sov, xws li PS thiab PET.
4.4 Cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Txhim Kho Cov Qauv rau Biodegradable Plastics
Nrog rau kev paub txog ib puag ncig, cov txheej txheem rau biodegradable yas ntshiab zaub mov togo thawv tau tsim thiab txhim kho sai. Hais txog cov kev cai dav dav, kuv lub teb chaws tau tsim thiab tshaj tawm yim lub teb chaws tus qauv, suav nrog "Kev Xav Tau rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo Tshaj Plaws thiab Kev Sau Npe ntawm Biodegradable Plastics thiab Cov Khoom" (GB/T 41010) thiab "Txhais lus, Terminology thiab Labeling ntawm Bio-raws li cov ntaub ntawv" (GB/T 39514).
Rau cov khoom siv pov tseg, GB / T 18006.3-2020 "Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Siv Hluav Taws Xob rau Cov Khoom Siv Los Siv Biodegradable" tau hloov cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam ntawm biodegradable tableware hauv thawj GB / T 18006.1-2009. Cov txheej txheem no teev cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm degradation ntawm biodegradable yas noj su thawv: biodegradation tus nqi ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 90% nyob rau hauv 180 hnub nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob (composting ntawm 58 degree, av noo 50-60%).
Rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab-raws li plastics, lub xeev tab tom npaj tsim cov qauv kev lag luam cuam tshuam los txhim kho cov txheej txheem rau cov khoom yas biodegradable. Tus qauv "Starch-Based Plastics" yuav teeb tsa cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev siv, muab cov qauv qhia rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
Hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv biodegradable ntsib cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Vim tias cov ntaub ntawv biodegradable feem ntau muaj cov khoom ntuj tsim, lawv cov pob tshab feem ntau qis dua li cov roj av ib txwm muaj -raws li plastics. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, cov pob tshab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv biodegradable tau txuas ntxiv txhim kho los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm cov pob tshab txhim kho thiab cov qauv tsim tau zoo.
