1. Qhov tseeb degradation tej yam kev mob thiab Technical Standards rau Biodegradable Togo thawv
1.1 International thiab Domestic Degradation Standard Systems
Kev ua haujlwm degradation ntawmbiodegradable togo thawvxav tau kev soj ntsuam nruj nruj. Cov qauv hauv ntau lub teb chaws qhia meej meej txog kev degradation, kev sim, thiab ntsuas. Tuam Tshoj tus qauv tseem ceeb yog GB / T 18006.3-2020 "Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb rau Cov Khoom Siv Biodegradable Disposable," tau tshaj tawm thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2020 thiab siv rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31, 2020. Nws ib nrab hloov cov ntsiab lus biodegradable hauv cov qauv qub. Nws cov kev cai yuav tsum tau npog cov tsos, qauv, degradation kev ua tau zoo, thiab lwm yam, qhia tias degradation kev ua tau zoo yuav tsum muaj ib tug txheeb ze biodegradability tus nqi siab tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 90% (biodegradability tus nqi siab tshaj los yog sib npaug rau 60% rau cov organic Cheebtsam ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 1%). Compostability kuj yuav tsum tau ib tug disintegration tus nqi ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 90% thiab dhau ecotoxicity xeem.
Thoob ntiaj teb, EU tus qauv EN 13432 yuav tsum muaj tus nqi degradation ntau dua 90% hauv 6 lub hlis nyob rau hauv kev lag luam composting (58 ± 2 degree) thiab dhau ecotoxicity kuaj; US tus qauv ASTM D6400 yuav tsum muaj tus nqi degradation tsawg kawg yog 90% hauv 180 hnub, nrog rau cov khoom tsis zoo degradation. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable hais txog "thaum kawg decomposing rau hauv cov tebchaw yooj yim, mineralized inorganic ntsev, thiab lwm yam. nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob," qhia meej meej tias kev degradation zoo nyob ntawm ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb.
1.2 Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom degradation ntawm cov khoom sib txawv
Biodegradable cov khoom ntim khoom noj muaj ntau haiv neeg, thiab lawv cov kev degradation sib txawv heev. Polylactic acid (PLA) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev ua lag luam, decomposing nyob rau hauv 30-90 hnub nyob rau hauv industrial composting tej yam kev mob (55-60 degree, av noo tshaj 85%), tab sis degrading maj mam nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso. Nws yog qhov ruaj khov zoo li cov yas yas hauv dej hiav txwv hauv qab 60 degree, thiab nws ib nrab-lub neej hauv cov av zoo tib yam tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau xyoo.
Polybutylene adipate / terephthalate (PBAT) nthuav tawm tus nqi degradation ntau tshaj 90% hauv kev lag luam composting, tab sis nws cov kev ua tau zoo poob qis hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, xav tau ob peb lub hlis mus rau 2-3 xyoos hauv cov av fertile. Tom qab 290 hnub ntawm anaerobic composting ntawm chav ua noj khib nyiab, cov ntxhia pob zeb hauv av tsuas yog 12.7%, qis dua PLA's 33.8%.
Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab- cov ntaub ntawv raws li tuaj yeem tawg tsis pub dhau 24 teev nyob rau hauv aerobic tej yam kev mob, thaum PLA's semi- lub sij hawm degradation nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig anaerobic mus txog 18 lub hlis. Thaum feem ntau sib xyaw nrog PLA thiab PBAT, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tau noj sai heev los ntawm cov kab mob, tab sis cov yas matrix tseem yuav tsum tau siv sij hawm ntev kom degrade; tag nrho lub sij hawm degradation nyob ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb.
Pulp molding cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias kev ua tau zoo ntawm ntuj tsim, pib decompose nyob rau hauv 90 hnub thiab nws thiaj li hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom tsis zoo. Xyoob fiberbiodegradable togo thawvyog qhov pib degraded tsis pub dhau 15 lub lis piam, nrog rau qhov poob qis ntawm ze li 50%, thaum PLA thiab PP biodegradable togo thawv qhia tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv tib lub sijhawm.
1.3 Kev sib piv ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov khoom siv hauv tseving, thiab Natural Environments
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov cuam tshuam degradation ntawmbiodegradable togo thawvnyob rau hauv peb ib puag ncig cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau lawv ib puag ncig tus nqi. Industrial composting muab cov kev mob zoo tshaj plaws: cov chaw tswj qhov kub ntawm 58 ± 2 degree, av noo ntawm 50-60%, oxygen concentration ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 5%, thiab carbon-to-nitrogen piv ntawm 20: 1-40: 1. Standard compostable ntim decomposes nyob rau hauv 3-6 lub hlis, nrog North American teb kev ntsuam xyuas qhia ib tug nruab nrab disintegration tus nqi ntawm 98%, tshaj kev lag luam qauv.
Hauv tsev composting tej yam kev mob me me (kub 25 ± 5 degree, av noo kwv yees li 70%), ua tiav ib tug degradation tus nqi siab tshaj 90% nyob rau hauv 180 hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb hauv vaj tsev composting ib puag ncig yog qhov nyuaj rau tswj, nrog rau qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 28 degree, tsis ruaj tsis khov cov av noo thiab cov pa oxygen, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm microbial. Cov khoom lag luam feem ntau xav tau txog li 12 lub hlis kom degrade, ntev dua li kev ua liaj ua teb.
Degradation nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj yog questionable. Vim tsis muaj tej yam kev mob tshwj xeeb rau kev ua liaj ua teb, degradation hauv av yog qeeb. PLA poob 70% ntawm nws qhov hnyav hauv cov organic- cov av nplua nuj tom qab 60 hnub, tab sis qhov no txo qis hauv cov av zoo tib yam. Hauv dej hiav txwv, PLA ruaj khov ntawm cov dej kub hauv qab 60℃thiab tsis tuaj yeem degrade zoo. Qhov hnyav dua, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable tuaj yeem tsim microplastics. Yog tias qee qhov "biodegradable tableware" raug muab pov tseg tsis tu ncua, nws qhov degradation tus nqi tsis txawv ntawm cov yas zoo tib yam, thiab nws tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv microplastics, nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig xws li "micro-cov pa phem."
1.4 Degradation Rate Test Method thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua tau zoo
Kev ntsuam xyuas tus nqi degradation ntawm biodegradable ntim ntim tau txais ib txoj hauv kev. Tuam Tshoj tus qauv GB / T 19277 sib tov cov qauv nrog cov chiv inoculum thiab composts nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob (tso oxygen txaus, 58 ± 2 degree, 50-55% av noo), ntsuas cov CO₂ tso tawm tshaj 45 hnub (extendable mus rau 6 lub hlis) los xam cov biodegradation tus nqi. Siv cellulose me dua 20μm raws li kev siv, 45-hnub degradation tus nqi siab tshaj 70% yog yuav tsum tau rau qhov kev xeem kom siv tau.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua lag luam txawv heev los ntawm tus qauv theoretical. Cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias 90% ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom uas sau tias "biodegradable" degrade tsuas yog 17% tom qab 180 hnub, 50% muaj tus nqi degradation tsawg dua 30%, thiab tsuas yog 26.7% ua tau raws li tus qauv degradation ib nrab. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tau zoo muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Tom qab 290 hnub ntawm anaerobic composting ntawm chav ua noj khib nyiab, PLA ua tiav ib qho kev ntxhib los mos ntawm 33.8%, PBS 27.3%, hmoov txhuv nplej siab 20.1%, thiab PBAT tsuas yog 12.7%. Hauv xyoo 2024 simulated composting xyaum ua los ntawm South China University of Technology, tag nrho cov organic carbon tshem tawm tus nqi ntawm PLA: PBAT: PHA piv ntawm 50: 30: 20 yog 89.7%, superior rau 76.3% ntawm lub binary system.
Tsis tas li ntawd, "pseudo-degradable" cov khoom muaj nyob hauv khw. Tshaj li 40% ntawm "degradable biodegradable togo thawv" muaj cov khoom siv yas (xws li PLA + PP), uas tsis tuaj yeem decompose tag nrho hauv ib puag ncig ntuj thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuab ua dua tshiab. Qee cov tuam txhab lag luam sib xyaw ntau ntawm PE / PP rau hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab- cov khoom siv, tsuas yog sau lawv tias "muaj bio-raws li cov khoom," qhia meej meej pseudo- cov khoom degradable.
2. Ib puag ncig kev cuam tshuam kev soj ntsuam ntawm Random pov tseg ntawm Degradable Biodegradable Togo Boxes
2.1 Kev cuam tshuam rau Av Ecosystems
Kev puas tsuaj rau av ecosystems tshwm sim los ntawm random pov tseg ntawm degradable biodegradable togo thawv yog manifested nyob rau hauv ntau yam, nrog rau lub cev qauv, tshuaj zog, thiab microbial ecology. Lub cev, qhov ntev - lub sij hawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm yas tableware hinders av aeration thiab dej tuav. Plastic fragments (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog microplastics) hloov cov av lub pore qauv, ua rau cov av compaction thiab cuam tshuam cov nroj tsuag hauv paus loj hlob thiab ecosystem stability.
Chemically, lub decomposition ntawm plastics yuav tso tawm cov teeb meem xws li phthalates (PAEs), plasticizers, thiab nplaim retardants, polluting av thiab av. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov khoom yas kuj yooj yim adsorbs hnyav hlau thiab tshuaj tua kab, ua "compound pollution" thiab exacerbating toxicity.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm microbial ecology, PBAT microplastics hloov cov dej -soluble carbon thiab nitrogen cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av, cuam tshuam microbial biomass carbon thiab nitrogen tsub zuj zuj, hloov cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob thiab fungal cov zej zog (xws li, ua kom cov abundance ntawm Proteobacteria thiab txo cov abundance ntawm Acidobacteria cov kab mob no), thiab muaj feem xyuam rau cov pa roj carbon thiab nitrogen cycling, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam sib txawv nyob ntawm cov nroj tsuag hom thiab theem kev loj hlob. Qhov hnyav dua, biodegradable microplastics (Bio-MPs) muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov nroj tsuag loj hlob ntau dua li cov microplastics (Con-MPs). Piv txwv li, lawv txo cov taum pauv chlorophyll cov ntsiab lus thiab saum toj no biomass. PBAT thiab PLA microplastics txo cov ntsiab lus nitrogen saum toj kawg nkaus hauv cov taum pauv thaum lub sijhawm pod- teeb tsa theem los ntawm 14.05% thiab 11.84%, feem, thiab sab saum toj biomass los ntawm 33.80% thiab 28.09%, feem.
Tsis tas li ntawd, microplastics kuj cuam tshuam rau cov av tsev cog khoom roj emissions . 75μm PE microplastics txo cov av organic carbon (SOC) thiab organic nitrogen (ON) cov ntsiab lus los ntawm 1% -1.5%, nce CO₂ thiab N₂O emissions, thiab nce av ntiaj teb no warming peev xwm (GWP) los ntawm 177%.
2.2 Kev puas tsuaj rau Aquatic Environments thiab Aquatic Organisms
Qhov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm biodegradable ntim khoom noj nkag mus rau hauv lub cev dej yog nyob deb - ncav cuag. Ua ntej, biodegradable plastics (BMPs) tso microplastics (0.1µm-5000µm), uas tau noj los ntawm marine life. Microplastics tau tshawb pom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qus thiab ua liaj ua teb xiav mussels, hem kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov zaub mov hauv dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, microplastics tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
Qhov thib ob, biodegradable plastics muaj ecotoxicity ncaj qha rau cov kab mob hauv dej, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab ua pa thiab hloov pauv cov qauv hauv hiav txwv vaub kib thiab oysters. Hauv kev sim dej tshiab, PHB thiab PMMA microplastics txo cov biomass ntawm amphipods. Qhov thib ob nanoplastics tso tawm los ntawm PHB microplastics kuj cuam tshuam rau dej fleas thiab cyanobacteria.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm toxicity mechanisms, biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) induce oxidative kev nyuaj siab nyob rau hauv cov dej hlwb, nce reactive oxygen hom (ROS) qib thiab hloov cov kev ua ntawm antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT). Lawv cov khoom ntxiv thiab cov khoom degradation kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom, nrog rau qee cov khoom degradation nthuav tawm genotoxicity, ua rau DNA puas thiab hloov pauv.
Lub caij no, PLA microplastics thiab sulfadiazine (SMZ) tshuaj tua kab mob tau ua ke toxicity rau marine ntses, reshaping plab microbiota. Lactic acid uas tsim los ntawm microbial degradation ntawm PLA cuam tshuam lub siab cov piam thaj -lipid tshuav nyiaj li cas, ua rau muaj cov rog tsis zoo hauv lub siab. Hauv cov dej tshiab ecosystems, microplastics feem ntau yog muab faib rau hauv cov dej saum npoo av. Nyob rau hauv dej sov, microplastics nyob twj ywm maj mam thiab nyob twj ywm rau ntev. Microplastic concentrations nyob rau hauv tus dej yog feem ntau siab dua nyob rau hauv lub pas dej thiab reservoirs, thaum concentrations nyob rau hauv av yog qis dua.
2.3 Kev hem thawj rau cov tsiaj qus thiab biodiversity
Kev pov tseg tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau cov tsiaj qus rau kev noj thiab kev nkag mus. Hais txog kev noj, seabirds tuaj yeem ua yuam kev cov thawv ntim khoom noj rau jellyfish, ua rau cov khoom ntim yas hauv lawv txoj hnyuv thiab kev tshaib plab. Ntawm cov nyom, nyuj thiab yaj yuav tuag los ntawm kev noj cov diav yas, ua rau plab hnyuv. Tam sim no, kwv yees li 700 hom tsiaj hauv hiav txwv tau noj cov khoom pov tseg los yog ua rau hauv cov yas, thiab li ntawm 300,000 tus ntses taub ntswg ntev thiab cov porpoises tsis muaj porpoises tuag txhua xyoo los ntawm cov pov tseg nuv ntses.
Kev raug mob entanglement yog sib npaug loj. Cov tub ntxhais hluas cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj tau muaj cov hnab yas daig nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv lub caj dab, thiab cov hlua yas tau ua rau hauv lawv daim tawv nqaij thaum lawv loj tuaj, ua rau muaj kab mob. Cov noog tsiv teb tsaws chaw tau muaj lawv cov tis nyob rau hauv lub thawv ntim khoom noj, tiv thaiv lawv ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws thiab ua rau lawv khov kom tuag. Cov kev raug mob no cuam tshuam rau tsiaj txhu, kev yug me nyuam, thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj ntawm cov tsiaj.
Microplastics ua rau muaj kev hem thawj tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg hauv hiav txwv. Microplastics tau pom tias noj los ntawm 220 hom marine, 58% ntawm cov khoom lag luam raug ntes. Microplastics tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si qus thiab ua liaj ua teb xiav mussels, hem kev nyab xeeb hauv dej. Lawv degradation nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig marine nyob ntawm ntau yam xwm txheej; Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li cov yas yas, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ecological. Tsis tas li ntawd, oysters raug biodegradable plastics tau ntsib sub- ua rau muaj kev phom sij xws li ua pa nyuaj, cuam tshuam rau cov khoom zoo. Kev degradation ntawm cov khoom siv aquaculture kuj tsim microplastics, thiab kev siv biodegradable plastics tuaj yeem ua rau qhov teeb meem loj dua. Qee cov khoom lag luam degradation ntawm biodegradable plastics yog genotoxic, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hom kab mob sib txawv los ntawm kev yug me nyuam.
2.4 Microplastic Pollution thiab Food Chain Transmission Risks
Biodegradable cov thawv ntim khoom noj tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv microplastics nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, uas tuaj yeem kis tau los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ecosystems. Kev tsim mechanism ntawm microplastics yog complex. Qee qhov "biodegradable tableware" yuav tsum muaj kev ua liaj ua teb ua liaj ua teb (siab dua 70℃thiab siab dua 60% av noo) kom decompose. Yog tias muab pov tseg tsis tu ncua, nws qhov degradation tus nqi tsis txawv ntawm cov yas zoo tib yam, thiab nws tuaj yeem tawg mus rau hauv microplastics nrog txoj kab uas hla tsawg dua 5 hli, nkag mus rau hauv av thiab dej hauv av, lossis nqus tau los ntawm tib neeg los ntawm cov plua plav hauv huab cua.
Microplastics sib sau ua ke ntawm txhua qib ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus. Tom qab tau noj los ntawm plankton, lawv cuam tshuam rau cov tsiaj nyeg saum toj kawg nkaus hauv dej hiav txwv. Piv txwv li, PET microplastics nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab ib puag ncig muaj ib tug adsorption coefficient (Kd) ntawm 10^5 L / kg rau polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ua rau cov concentration ntawm epiphytic PAHs los ntawm 2-3 txiav txim ntawm magnitude piv rau tom qab theem, yog li exacerbating toxicity.
Av-raws li cov khoom siv nkag mus rau ntau dua 80% ntawm microplastic qhov chaw, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag kho cov dej khib nyiab, cov yeeb yaj kiab ua liaj ua teb degradation, thiab cov dej ntws hauv nroog yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv cov tshuaj chloride- cov dej nplua nuj, qhov degradation ntawm PVC tuaj yeem nce 50-100%, thiab qhov degradation ntawm microplastics nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab yog li 30% sai dua hauv dej hiav txwv.
Hais txog tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2019 tau pom tias tus neeg nruab nrab hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem noj kwv yees li 50,000 microplastic hais ib xyoos ib zaug los ntawm zaub mov thiab dej haus. Kev degradation tsis tiav ntawm photodegradable thiab thermo- oxidative plastics tuaj yeem ua rau qhov teeb meem loj dua. Microplastics tuaj yeem nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm kev nqus pa, noj, thiab kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Ib txhij, microplastics nkag mus rau hauv av los ntawm peb txoj hauv kev: dej saum npoo-kev cuam tshuam hauv av, kev nkag mus hauv av, thiab kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha. PET thiab PE microplastics feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv av, feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fibers thiab fragments. Cov dej tsis huv hauv av ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov av thiab qoob loo noj qab haus huv, muaj kuab paug tsiv teb tsaws, thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
3. Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Pov Tseg Kom Zoo rau Biodegradable Food Containers
3.1 Cov Txheej Txheem Txheej Txheem Khib Nyiab thiab Cov Txheej Txheem Pov Tseg
Lub nroog thoob plaws Suav teb tau maj mam qhia meej lawv cov qauv kev cais cov khib nyiab rau cov thawv ntim khoom noj biodegradable. Siv Shanghai ua piv txwv, "Shanghai Municipal Regulations on the Management of Disposable Tableware" tau dhau los thaum Lub Xya Hli 2025 thiab tau siv rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1st, ua "rov ua dua tshiab, yooj yim rov ua dua, thiab sai degradable" yuav tsum tau ua cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb los txhawb kev kaw - voj voog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam. Raws li 2024 version ntawm Shanghai cov lus qhia rau kev txheeb xyuas cov khib nyiab hauv tsev thiab pov tseg, ntawv- ntim cov khoom ntim yas thiab cov thawv ntim khoom noj tuaj yeem rov ua dua los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab.
Kev pov tseg tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau sib txawv raws li cov khoom siv thiab qib kev sib kis: cov ntim khoom noj uas tsis huv biodegradable yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv "Recyclable Waste" bin kom rov qab tau yooj yim; Cov thawv uas muaj kab mob yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv "Lwm Cov Khoom Siv" lossis "Cov Khoom Siv Quav Qhuav" vim tias cov ntim khoom tsis huv yuav nyuaj rau rov ua dua tshiab; Cov thawv ntim khoom noj kom meej meej tias cov khoom siv compostable tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv cov khib nyiab hauv chav ua noj lossis cov khib nyiab biodegradable yog tias muaj cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv zos; txwv tsis pub, yuav tsum tau xaiv lwm txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab.
Cov chaw tsim khoom noj khoom haus tau siv cov txheej txheem cais cov khib nyiab kom ntxaws ntxiv, txhawb nqa qhov me me thiab "coj-raws li-koj- mus" cov kev xaiv los txo cov khoom pov tseg. Reusable tableware yog muab, thiab kev faib tawm meej ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tau muab coj los siv (xws li, cov thawv yas tuaj yeem rov ua dua tom qab ntxuav, thaum cov thawv tsis huv raug cais ua "lwm cov pov tseg"). Cov khib nyiab me me ("khoom khib nyiab" thiab "lwm cov khib nyiab") muab tso rau ntawm txhua lub rooj lossis hauv txhua qhov chaw noj mov, nrog cov lus qhia. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias cov qauv sib txawv raws lub nroog; Piv txwv li, Beijing cais cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable raws li "lwm cov pov tseg," yog li nws yuav tsum nkag siab cov qauv hauv zos ua ntej ua.
3.2 Recycling System thiab Industry Chain Status
Tuam Tshoj cov khoom noj biodegradable ntim cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab yog maj mam txhim kho. Thawj "Plastic Food Container Recycling Map" tau sau 45 lub tuam txhab rov ua dua tshiab thiab 17 lub tuam txhab rov ua dua tshiab, suav nrog 23 lub xeev (cov cheeb tsam tswj hwm thiab cov nroog), nrog rau ntau lub tuam txhab xav tias yuav koom nrog yav tom ntej.
Cov saw hlau kev lag luam tau qhia txog cheeb tsam kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam sib koom ua ke, nrog rau cov tuam txhab loj hauv East China, South China, thiab North China, nrog Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, thiab Shandong ua cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb. Tuam Tshoj sab hnub tuaj, nrog rau nws txoj kev lag luam tsim khoom noj thiab kev paub txog ib puag ncig zoo, xav tias yuav suav txog ntau dua 35% ntawm lub teb chaws tag nrho cov khoom siv biodegradable togo thawv, nrog rau kev lag luam loj kwv yees kom tshaj 8 billion yuan los ntawm 2025. East thiab South Tuam Tshoj ua ke account rau ntau tshaj 60% ntawm lub teb chaws xav tau. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov saw hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog qhov tseem ceeb, nrog Shandong thiab Jiangsu tsim cov saw hlau ua tiav, txhim kho cov peev txheej teb ceev. Lub PLA polymerization ntu nthuav tawm kev sib tw oligopolistic, nrog Zhejiang Haizheng Biotechnology ua lub ntiaj teb nrog txhua xyoo muaj peev xwm ntawm 150,000 tons, thiab Anhui Fengyuan Group nrog txhua xyoo muaj peev xwm ntawm 120,000 tons; ob lub tuam txhab ua ke tswj 62% ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub peev xwm PLA.
Kev siv thev naus laus zis sib txawv nyob ntawm cov khoom siv: PLA biodegradable togo thawv yog chemically recycled thiab decomposed rau hauv lactide monomers, uas yog ces polymerized los tsim PLA tshiab; cov txheej txheem no yog technically demanding thiab kim. Moulded pulp biodegradable togo lub thawv tuaj yeem rov ua dua li cov ntawv pov tseg, re-pulped siv cov txheej txheem papermaking; cov thev naus laus zis no paub tab thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi-, tab sis yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom ntxiv. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab-raws li biodegradable togo thawv yog tshuaj lom neeg thiab decomposed rau hauv cov organic chiv los ntawm cov kab mob, ua raws li kev lag luam ncig, tab sis yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb composting chaw.
Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tam sim no tseem ntsib teeb meem: cov nqi rov ua dua yog 30-50% siab dua li cov yas yas, ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov lag luam me me thiab nruab nrab cov khoom xa tuaj, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev siv txoj cai; Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv kev faib tawm thoob plaws cheeb tsam ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev sib koom ua ke cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab; ntau qhov chaw tsis muaj cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg; thiab kev paub txog cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable ntau.
3.3 Cov txheej txheem khiav hauj lwm rau hauv tsev Composting thiab Industrial Composting
Lub tsev composting yog tsim rau kev ua me me ntawm biodegradable ntim khoom noj. Cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no: Ua ntej, npaj lub hauv paus los ntawm kev tso ib txheej 5-10 cm ntawm cov khoom xim av xws li tws nplooj los yog cov ntawv xov xwm qub nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub thawv; thib ob, txheej cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv, tso txog 5 cm ntawm cov khoom ntsuab (cov thawv ntim khoom noj, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab lwm yam) thiab 10-15 cm ntawm cov khoom xim av (cov nplooj qhuav, sawdust, thiab lwm yam); thib peb, dej cov khoom kom txog thaum nws ntub txaus kom clump ua ke thaum nyem tab sis crumbles yooj yim thaum tso; thib plaub, npog lub thawv, tawm hauv qhov sib txawv me me rau qhov cua kom tsis txhob muaj ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab. Lub tsev composting muaj qhov mob me me; ntawm 25 ± 5℃thiab kwv yees li 70% av noo, tus nqi degradation tuaj yeem tshaj 90% hauv 180 hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw hauv vaj tsev hauv qab yog qhov nyuaj rau kev tswj hwm, nrog rau qhov kub ntawm 28 degree, tsis ruaj tsis khov cov av noo thiab cov pa oxygen, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm microbial, thiab qeeb decomposition.
Kev cog qoob loo yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable, yuav tsum muaj kev tswj hwm nruj: qhov kub yuav tsum ncav cuag 58-60℃thiab khaws cia tsawg kawg 7 hnub, nrog rau cov ntu ntu ntawm 1 teev kom tua cov kab mob; txhua hnub kub yuav tsum tswj ntawm 30-55℃; Cov av noo yuav tsum tau tswj ntawm 50-60%, nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm ± 5%; oxygen concentration Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 6%, aeration tus nqi 0.5-1.0 L / min ・kg; pH tus nqi 6.0-8.5, ntsuas qhov tseeb ± 0.1; carbon-to-nitrogen piv 20: 1-40: 1. Standard compostable ntim feem ntau decomposes nyob rau hauv 3-6 lub hlis, tab sis tsuas yog cov khoom uas qhia meej meej sau tias "compostable" tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuab composting.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, thov nco ntsoov cov hauv qab no: Kov cov thawv biodegradable togo ntawm cov khoom sib txawv nyias kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam kev degradation; zuaj lub thawv biodegradable togo ua ntej composting kom nce qhov chaw; tig lub compost tsis tu ncua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom raug oxygen; saib xyuas qhov ntsuas kub, av noo, thiab pH, thiab kho tam sim ntawd; Tom qab composting, ua ib tug paub tab composting txheej txheem kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov khoom.
3.4 Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb Txog Kev Kho Mob
Cov khoom sib xyaw biodegradable togo thawv (xws li PLA + PP, hmoov txhuv nplej siab + PE) tsis tuaj yeem decompose nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj thiab yuav ua rau lub cev rov ua dua tshiab. Ua ntej tuav, txiav txim siab qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg los ntawm kev sau ntawv lossis kev sim. Cov khoom ua raws li lub teb chaws tus qauv GB/T 18006.3-2020 yuav raug sau npe raws li. Yog hais tias lawv muaj cov khoom uas tsis muaj degradable, muab pov tseg raws li cov khoom siv yas hauv "Lwm Cov Khib Nyiab" rau hauv, zam lawv qhov kev tso rau hauv cov txheej txheem composting kom tsis txhob muaj kab mob ntawm cov khoom siv compost.
Kev tuav ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom uas tsis huv biodegradable togo yuav tsum tau sib txawv raws li lawv cov qib ntawm kev sib kis: Lub thawv me me uas tsis muaj kab mob biodegradable togo tuaj yeem tsuas yog ntxuav thiab pov tseg kom huv si biodegradable togo thawv; Cov thawv ntim khoom noj khoom haus ntau heev (cov khoom noj uas muaj ntau heev, tsis yooj yim los ntxuav) lossis roj- cov thawv uas muaj cov khoom siv biodegradable togo yuav tsum muab pov tseg ncaj qha rau hauv "Lwm Cov Khib Nyiab" rau hauv, vim cov hom biodegradable togo lub thawv no nyuaj rau nkag mus rau hauv ib txwm siv dua lossis ua kom sib xyaw ua haujlwm.
Hauv qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, cov thawv ntim khoom noj uas muaj biodegradable tsim tawm sab nraum zoov yuav tsum tsis txhob muab pov tseg tsis raug cais; lawv yuav tsum tau sau thiab pov tseg ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Hauv thaj chaw ncig xyuas, lawv yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg raws li thaj chaw cov qauv kev faib tawm; yog tias tsis muaj kev taw qhia, lawv yuav tsum muab pov tseg raws li "lwm yam pov tseg." Ntawm cov chaw thauj mus los, lawv yuav tsum muab pov tseg raws li cov qauv hauv zos; yog tias tsis muaj kev taw qhia, sab laj cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Kev hloov raws caij nyoog kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau txoj kev pov tseg: Lub caij ntuj sov kub yog siab, thiab microbial kev ua haujlwm muaj zog, ua kom composting haum, tab sis yuav tsum muaj tsw thiab tswj kab; Lub caij ntuj no kub tsis tshua muaj, ua rau hauv tsev composting tsis haum, thiab lawv tuaj yeem sau thiab pov tseg rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav; Thaum lub caij los nag, compost moist yuav tsum tau tswj kom tsis txhob overdampness.
Rau cov pab pawg tshwj xeeb (cov neeg laus, menyuam yaus, thiab cov neeg xiam oob qhab), yuav tsum tau muab cov lus qhia meej, cov zej zog yuav tsum tsim cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, thiab qhov rooj - mus rau - cov kev pab cuam sau lub qhov rooj yuav tsum tau muab rau cov neeg muaj teeb meem kev txav mus los. Kev kawm ntawv pej xeem yuav tsum muaj zog los txhim kho nws txoj kev nkag siab txog kev pov tseg kom raug.
4. Cov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab kev xav tsis zoo ntawm Biodegradable Food Container Market
4.1 Kev Lag Luam Loj thiab Kev Txhim Kho Kev Lag Luam
Tuam Tshoj biodegradable zaub mov ntim kev lag luam tab tom txhim kho sai, ncav cuag kev lag luam loj ntawm 18.76 billion yuan hauv 2024, thiab tau kwv yees tias yuav tshaj 22 billion yuan hauv 2025, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 18.3%. Qhov kev thov rau biodegradable cov thawv ntim khoom noj hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus tau kwv yees kom ncav cuag 19.5 billion units hauv 2025, nce 173% los ntawm 2022. Qhov kev loj hlob no yog tsav los ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj loj (RMB 1.2 trillion), ib puag ncig cov cai, thiab kev tawg ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab (tus nqi optimization).
Cov qauv khoom muaj ntau haiv neeg. Hauv xyoo 2022, kev lag luam sib koom ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no: PLA- cov ntaub ntawv raws li 40.2%, PBAT cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw 28.5%, hmoov txhuv nplej siab - cov ntaub ntawv raws li 19.8%, thiab ntawv- cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw 11.5%. Xyoo 2023, PLA, vim nws ua tiav biodegradability thiab cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv dua tshiab, suav txog 42% ntawm tag nrho biodegradable ntim khoom lag luam; PBAT, vim nws ua tiav biodegradability nyob rau hauv 28 hnub ntawm composting, accounted rau 18%, ua rau nws nyiam xaiv rau ntim zaub mov thiab zaj duab xis composite ntim.
Kev lag luam kev sib tw yog concentrated ntawm cov tuam txhab ua lag luam. Green Source, EcoPak, thiab Qingrun ua ke suav nrog 58.6% ntawm kev ua lag luam, nrog Green Source tuav 32.1% kev ua lag luam. Cov tuam txhab sau npe suav txog 75% ntawm cov lag luam siab - kawg, thaum cov tuam txhab me thiab nruab nrab- cov lag luam loj nkag mus rau cov lag luam hauv cheeb tsam los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yog pom tseeb: Kev tawg ntawm PLA kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis los ntawm 2025 yuav txo cov nqi los ntawm 18%, nqa tus nqi kawg rau qhov ntau ntawm 1.2-1.8 yuan ib chav tsev; Lub National Development thiab Reform Commission txoj kev npaj yuav tsum tau tshem tawm ntawm foamed yas biodegradable togo thawv los ntawm 2027, stimulating ib xyoos ib zaug nce ntawm 25% nyob rau hauv kev thov rau daim ntawv thiab cog fiber ntau biodegradable togo thawv; Cov cheeb tsam Yangtze River Delta thiab Pearl River Delta pab txhawb 75% ntawm cov peev txheej tsim khoom, thaum Anhui thiab Guangdong suav txog 50% ntawm kev ua lag luam; kev txiav txim los ntawm cov teb chaws Asia xav tias yuav nce 67% los ntawm 2025, thaum qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm kev xa tawm mus rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas yuav txo los ntawm 22% mus rau 15%, thiab cov tuam txhab lag luam tau nrawm kom tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj EU EN13432; cov tuam txhab ua lag luam tau sib koom ua ke los tsim kom muaj kev lag luam ua tiav, thiab cov tuam txhab 5 sab saum toj yuav tsum ua tiav kev lag luam sib faib ntawm 41% los ntawm 2025.
4.2 Consumer Misconceptions and Behavioral Analysis
Cov neeg siv khoom muaj ntau qhov kev xav tsis zoo txog biodegradable togo thawv: kwv yees li 73% ntseeg tias cov khoom siv biodegradable tuaj yeem degrade sai thiab tag nrho hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, tsis quav ntsej qhov sib txawv ntawm kev degradation; 52% yuam kev sib npaug ntsuab ntim nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntsuab, tsis quav ntsej txog biodegradability thiab rov ua dua tshiab; Kev tshawb fawb Gallup xyoo 2025 hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pom tias tsuas yog 62% ntawm cov neeg teb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm "biodegradable" thiab "recyclable," thiab 38.2% tsis meej pem cov ntsiab lus, ntseeg tias "biodegradable=tsis muaj teeb meem kiag li"; Qee cov neeg siv khoom kuj ntseeg tias lub thawv biodegradable togo yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab tsis muaj cov tshuaj phem, tab sis qhov tseeb, cov khoom siv ntxiv tuaj yeem raug ntxiv thaum tsim cov khoom siv bio-raws li, thiab cov khoom tsis zoo yuav raug tsim thaum lub sij hawm degradation nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo.
Muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ib puag ncig kev paub thiab kev coj cwj pwm. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev kawm ntawv pom tau tias 92% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm txhawb kev ntim khoom ib puag ncig, tab sis tsuas yog 28% txaus siab them ntau dua 1 yuan rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab cov tsev so tsis muaj cov khoom siv composting, yog li biodegradable togo thawv thaum kawg pov tseg zoo li cov tsoos pov tseg. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev coj ua pov tseg, kev muab pov tseg tsis raug cai yog ib txwm muaj (vim kev ntseeg tias cov khoom noj yog biodegradable), sorting thiab pov tseg tsis raug (tsis muaj kev nkag siab txog cov qauv), dhau - tso siab rau "biodegradable" daim ntawv lo (gullibility hauv kev tshaj tawm), thiab tsis muaj kev paub txog kev pov tseg (tsis paub tias cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv xav tau kev kho mob sib txawv).
Cov kev xav tsis zoo no tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshaj tawm tsis raug los ntawm kev lag luam (ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo ib puag ncig), kev tshaj tawm xov xwm tsis ncaj ncees (tseem ceeb tsuas yog qhov zoo), kev kawm tsis txaus rau pej xeem (tseem txwv rau pej xeem nkag siab), thiab tsis paub meej cov ntawv sau (nyuaj rau cov neeg siv khoom txheeb xyuas).
4.3 Kev tshaj tawm tsis tseeb thiab kev lag luam cuav los ntawm kev lag luam
Kev tshaj tawm cuav thiab kev lag luam tsis tseeb yog qhov tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam biodegradable noj su. Qee lub lag luam hais tias lawv cov khoom yog "tag nrho-natural" (ua los ntawm cov nplej husks thiab cov nroj tsuag fibers, tsis muaj cov khoom tsis zoo), tab sis qhov tseeb, lawv muaj 20% yas; Tshaj li 40% ntawm "cov khoom noj khoom haus biodegradable" yog tov nrog cov khoom siv niaj hnub (xws li PLA + PP), uas tsis tuaj yeem decompose tag nrho hauv ib puag ncig ntuj thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau lub cev rov ua dua tshiab. Qee lub lag luam txhob txwm tshaj tawm "pob zeb hmoov txhuv nplej siab", ua rau cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus ntseeg tias nws tuaj yeem degrade sai.
Tus nqi dag kuj muaj ntau. Ib qho tiag tiag, tus phooj ywg zoo ib puag ncig PLA noj su yuav raug nqi 5 yuan ib thooj, thaum ib tug fake, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg hmoov txhuv nplej siab + PP noj su raug nqi 0.3 yuan ib thooj, tsis tau 1 yuan ib puag ncig tus nqi ntxiv. Kuj tseem muaj qee qhov ntawm cov tub lag luam ua cov lus tsis tseeb txog cov ntawv pov thawj (xws li tsis lees paub tias yog tus xa khoom rau Asian Games) thiab siv cov ntawv sau tsis meej (tsuas yog qhia "cov ntaub ntawv zoo ib puag ncig" lossis "qib zaub mov," yam tsis tau qhia cov khoom xyaw lossis kev puas tsuaj).
Kev lag luam cuav yog qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev: cov khoom cuav, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg tsim microplastics, exacerbating muaj kuab paug; cov neeg siv khoom them tus nqi siab rau cov khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lawv txoj cai; kev lag luam kev txiav txim raug cuam tshuam, nrog cov khoom lag luam tsis zoo tsav tawm cov khoom zoo dua; thiab kev siv txoj cai yog hindered, cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb siv tau ntawm cov cai.
4.4 Cov teeb meem kev lag luam txhim kho thiab kev sib piv thoob ntiaj teb
Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam biodegradable ntim zaub mov ntsib ntau yam teeb meem: Technically, PLA tableware softens yooj yim tshaj 70 degree, PBAT tsis muaj kua muag kuj, thiab tsis sib xws fiber dispersion nyob rau hauv loj - teev ntau lawm txo cov yield los ntawm 15%; cov txheej txheem txheej txheem yog chaotic, nrog rau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev sim ntawm 17 tus qauv degradation, uas ua rau 40% qhov sib txawv ntawm degradation tus nqi rau tib batch ntawm PLA tableware raws li cov qauv sib txawv; cov ntawv pov thawj tsis muaj, txawm hais tias muaj ntau tshaj 20 tus qauv, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev cai, tsis muaj cov qauv tshiab, thiab cov ntawv pov thawj tsis paub tab, ua rau cov khoom tsis zoo; cov nqi siab, nrog PHA raug nqi 40,000-60,000 RMB/ton, deb tshaj PLA tus 22,000-28,000 RMB/ton; cov khoom siv raw yog vam khom rau kev xa khoom, nrog rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb PLA raw khoom, lactide, monopolized los ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas; Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab yog qhov tsis txaus, nrog rau cov nqi rov ua dua 30-50% siab dua, ua rau muaj ntau lub ntim khoom noj raug muab pov tseg tsis raug cai.
Hauv kev sib piv thoob ntiaj teb, Tebchaws Europe muaj kev nkag mus rau kev lag luam siab. Xyoo 2023, biodegradable tableware suav txog ntau dua 34% ntawm kev lag luam catering hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fabkis, thiab ntau dua 50% hauv qee lub tebchaws, ua tsaug rau EU's Single-Siv Cov Lus Qhia Plastics thiab ib tus neeg txaus siab them € 43 rau ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg tableware. EU's EN 13432 tus qauv xav kom muaj cov chiv ua kom tiav ntau dua 90% biodegradability nyob rau hauv 180 hnub, thaum Tuam Tshoj tus GB / T 38082-2019 tus qauv siv cov txheej txheem ntsuas uas yuav tsum muaj ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 90% degradation tus nqi tom qab 45 hnub ntawm chav sov composting. EU's Single-Siv Plastics Directive tau pib siv thaum Lub Xya Hli 2021, txwv tsis pub ntau - siv cov khoom yas. Lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fabkis tau zoo - tsim cov khoom siv hauv av. Tuam Tshoj tsuas yog siv PBAT/PLA blends thiab bagasse molded biodegradable togo thawv (tus nqi tseem ceeb), Teb chaws Europe tsom rau PLA thiab PHA (txhais txog kev ua kom tiav cov composting degradation), thiab Teb Chaws Asmeskas nyiam cov ntawv-raws li coated ntim (sib npaug rov siv dua thiab degradation). Cov teb chaws tsim kho tau zoo-tsim composting thiab recycling infrastructure, thaum Tuam Tshoj lag luam poob qab.
Cov lus pom zoo rau kev txhim kho: Txhim kho cov txheej txheem cov qauv thiab sib koom ua ke cov qauv; ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj xyuas ntawv pov thawj thiab tawm tsam cov ntawv pov thawj cuav; nce R & D peev, tawg los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab txo cov nqi; leeb kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw composting thiab recycling systems; koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab kawm los ntawm cov kev paub dhau los; txhawb kev kawm txog cov neeg siv khoom thiab txhim kho kev paub.
Kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov ntim khoom noj biodegradable yuav tsum muaj cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam composting tej yam kev mob, tus degradation tus nqi siab tshaj 90% nyob rau hauv 3-6 lub hlis, thaum degradation nyob rau hauv lub ntuj ib puag ncig yog qeeb thiab tej zaum yuav tsim microplastics. Cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm degradation; PLA ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv industrial composting tab sis yog ib qho nyuaj rau degrade ib txwm, thaum cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab -raws li cov ntaub ntawv pib disintegrate sai, tab sis cov matrix seem degrades maj mam. Kev pov tseg tsis tu ncua ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj, ua rau cov av thiab cov dej puas tsuaj, ua rau cov tsiaj qus hem, thiab microplastics ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo los ntawm cov khoom noj. Kev ua lag luam muaj ntau qhov tsis sib xws, ntau cov khoom pseudo-biodegradable, thiab cov neeg siv khoom tsis zoo (73% yuam kev ntseeg tias nws degrades sai sai hauv ib puag ncig ntuj). Cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab tsis tiav, nrog ob peb lub tuam txhab, cov nqi siab, cov qauv tsis sib xws, thiab tsis muaj chaw ua haujlwm.
