Raws li tus neeg siv khoom, koj yuav ntsib teeb meem tsis zoo thaum sivdaim ntawv dawb khob. Cov teeb meem me me no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam tsis yooj yim thiab txawm tias muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev noj qab haus huv. Los ntawm kev npaj txhij txog kev xau mus rau cov tshuaj lom neeg tsis zoo, cov ntawv khob tsis zoo ua rau muaj kev hem thawj uas feem ntau tsis saib xyuas hauv kev siv txhua hnub.
Ib qho khoom siv ntawm cov khob ntawv dawb qhia pom qhov txawv txav thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv
I. Cov teeb meem tshwm sim
1.1 Hom thiab Qhov Muaj Peev Xwm Ntawm Cov Dej Dej
Raws li lub teb chaws tus qauv GB / T 27590-2022,daim ntawv dawb khobyuav tsum tsis txhob ntws los yog nkag los ntawm hauv qab lossis sab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua lag luam tiag tiag tsis yog qhov zoo. Ib xyoo 2010 random tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Guangzhou Consumer Council tau pom tias tag nrho cov kev ua raws cai rau 28 pawg ntawm cov ntawv khob cov qauv tsuas yog 7.1%, thiab cov kev ua tau zoo sab hauv yog 21.4%, txhais tau tias ze li ntawm 80% ntawm cov ntawv khob dawb muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov teeb meem zoo.
Cov teeb meem leakage feem ntau tshwm sim hauv hom hauv qab no:
Cov dej ntws hauv qab (feem ntau)
Ua los ntawm kev sib khi tsis txaus ntawm lub khob hauv qab thiab lub cev, lossis qis - cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo. 100, 000 9- ounce khob tau rov qab los vim qhov tsis zoo no, muaj peev xwm xau hauv qab siab.
Khob Lub Cev Seam Cracking
Cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm cov ntawv pov tseg rov ua dua lossis cov ntawv nyias dhau lawm . 30% ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom me me muaj qhov tsis xws luag, nrog cov kab mob suav ntau tshaj li cov qauv los ntawm 10x hauv qee kis.
Khob Rim Leakage
Muaj feem xyuam rau cov txheej txheem tsis sib xws rim dov. Cov dej haus kub ua rau qhov teeb meem no ua rau cov khoom nthuav dav thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub npoo.
1.2 Cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntawv xau dawb khob
Thaum qhov teeb meem ntawm todaim ntawv dawb khobtej zaum yuav zoo li yooj yim, qhov tseeb kev puas tsuaj nws yuav tsum tsis txhob underestimated:
Tseem Ceeb Hazards ntawm Leaking Paper Cups
- Kev puas tsuaj ntawm vaj tse:tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntoo ntoo puas (deformation / cracking) lossis cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (laptops, xov tooj) nrog kev poob mus txog kaum tawm txhiab yuan.
- Khaub ncaws puas:Stains khaub ncaws nrog dej kub; number case los ntawm cov khob uas tsis muaj xim tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntaub puas tsuaj tas mus li.
- Mob hnyav hnyav:Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus nrog lub sijhawm qeeb qeeb; nco qab cov ntaub ntawv rov qab hais txog qhov txaus ntshai no.
- Environmental & Safety Hazards:Tsim cov plag tsev nyob hauv cov chaw pej xeem, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo poob qis, thiab ntxiv cov haujlwm tu tseem ceeb.
1.3 Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg rau daim ntawv dawb khob ntawm qhov sib txawv
| Nominal Peev Xwm (ml) | Premium Qib (N) | Qib thib ib (N) | Qib Kawm Txuj Ci (N) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 250 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 3.00 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 2.60 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2.10 |
| 250<> | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 3.20 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2.80 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 2.30 |
| 300<> | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 3.40 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 3.00 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 2.50 |
| 400<> | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 3.60 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 3.20 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 2.70 |
| 500<> | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 3.80 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 3.40 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 2.90 |
Lub khob ntawv dej ua rau pom kev puas tsuaj rau lub rooj ntoo
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias daim ntawv dawb lub khob nrog lub peev xwm loj dua yuav tsum muaj kev nruj dua. Qhov no yog vim muaj peev xwm loj dua lub khob dawb tuav cov kua ntau dua, ua rau muaj qhov hnyav dua thiab xav tau ntau dua ntawm lub khob cov qauv. Hauv kev siv tswv yim, lub peev xwm loj dua cov ntawv dawb khob (xws li cov tshaj 500ml) muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua ntawm cov dej xau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ntim cov kua, raws li hauv qab dais siab dua thiab muaj ntau dua rau deformation thiab to.
II. Teeb meem Deformation
2.1 Daim ntawv ntawm Deformation
- Daim ntawv khob deformation yog lwm qhov teeb meem zoo uas cuam tshuam rau cov neeg siv kev paub. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv rov qab los ntawm cov chaw saib xyuas kev lag luam thiab cov neeg siv khoom tsis txaus siab, cov teeb meem deformation feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov hauv qab no:
- Radial deformation yog feem ntau hom deformation, piv txwv li, qhov indentation tshwm sim thaum lub khob lub cev yog nyem. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm International Food Packaging Association ntawm qee lub khw muag khoom loj hauv Beijing, Shanghai, thiab Dongguan tau qhia tias 11 ntawm 25 daim ntawv khob kuaj tau kuaj tsis txaus lub khob lub cev rigidity. Cov khob dawb tsis zoo no tau yooj yim nyem los ntawm tes thaum siv, ua rau cov kua dej ntws tawm.
- Hauv qab vau yog lwm qhov teeb meem loj deformation. Thaum lub khob ntawv muaj kua, qhov kev txhawb nqa hauv qab tsis txaus tuaj yeem ua rau lub lauj kaub - hauv qab - zoo li indentation. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj cov dej qab zib kub, qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv lub khob muag muag, ua rau lub cev hnyav dua. Yog vim li cas rau kev rov qab los ntawm qee hom ntawm cov ntawv khob dawb yog tias "cov khoom yuav muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv kev nruj, nws yuav ua rau deformation thaum siv, thiab yuav ua rau kub hnyiab thaum muaj dej kub." Txawm hais tias deformation ntawm lub khob ntug tsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev siv, nws cuam tshuam rau kev haus cawv. Lub khob deformed tsis yog tsuas yog unsightly tab sis kuj yuav txiav daim di ncauj. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, rim deformation cuam tshuam lub khob lub foob, thiab yog tias siv lub hau, nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub hau ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo.
- Dynamic deformation thaum siv yuav tsum tsis txhob saib xyuas. Qee cov neeg siv khoom tau tshaj tawm tias thaum nchuav dej, lub khob ntawv deforms ib ntus vim dej siab, ua rau dej ntws tawm. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, qhov tsis sib xws thaum tuav lub khob ntawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov chaw nyob hauv lub khob lub cev, uas tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev zoo nkauj tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau lub khob tawg.
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2.2 Kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb ntawm deformation ntawm kev siv
Qhov teeb meem deformation yuav zoo li me me, tab sis nws ua tau coj ntau yam tsis yooj yim. Los ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev tuav pov hwm kom nrawm nrawm, kev deformation ua rau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khob ntawv dawb thiab tsim kev nyab xeeb ntxiv.
Qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha tshaj plaws yog ntawm kev tuav tuav. Thaum lub khob lub cev tsis muaj rigidity txaus, tuav lub khob zoo li tsis xis nyob thiab tsis ruaj ntseg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tuav cov dej kub, cov neeg siv feem ntau yuav tsum ceev faj ntxiv vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev deformation ua rau kub hnyiab, thiab tej zaum yuav tau tuav lub khob nrog ob txhais tes, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev.
Spillage yog qhov tshwm sim ncaj qha ntawm deformation. Khob lub cev deformation cuam tshuam qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntawv khob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub khob puv kua; Txawm tias me ntsis deformation tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua ntws tawm. Ib tus neeg siv khoom tau sau ntawv hauv kev tshuaj xyuas: "Cov khob no zoo li pheej yig, tab sis lawv tau ua los ntawm kev lag luam pov tseg, tso cov co toxins thaum ntxiv dej kub. Txawm tias phem dua, lub khob rims yog pwm, thiab tsis muaj leej twg pom."
Nws cuam tshuam rau stacking thiab cia cov khob. Deformed daim ntawv dawb khob yog qhov yooj yim rau collapsing thaum stacked, tsis tsuas yog siv ntau qhov chaw tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm ua rau lwm lub khob. Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem loj rau cov chaw uas yuav tsum tau khaws ntau cov ntawv khob dawb (xws li cov khw noj mov thiab chaw ua haujlwm).
Nws accelerates qhov tshwm sim ntawm lwm yam teeb meem zoo. Deformation ua rau cov txheej txheem dej tsis zoo ntawm lub khob ntawv, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, deformation ua rau lub khob ntawv muaj kev puas tsuaj rau sab nraud, xws li kev puas tsuaj yooj yim dua thaum thauj.
Deformed daim ntawv khob qhia hauv qab vau thiab radial indentation tom qab tuav cov kua kub
III. Cov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom
3.1 Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm Daim Ntawv Dawb khob
Txhawm rau nkag siab txog cov teeb meem kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov ntawv khob dawb, nws yog thawj zaug uas yuav tsum nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv khob dawb. Daim ntawv dawb khob ntawm kev ua lag luam feem ntau muaj ob ntu: daim ntawv khob lub cev thiab cov txheej phab ntsa sab hauv.
PE Coated (90% ntawm Kev Ua Lag Luam)
15-20 gsm polyethylene zaj duab xis rau waterproofing. Muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo tab sis tsis zoo PE tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom tsis huv uas tso cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
PLA Coated (Eco-Tus phooj ywg thov)
Biodegradable tab sis nrog questionable kev nyab xeeb. Tej zaum yuav ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab thiab o, nrog tsis zoo tshav kub tsis kam (softens saum 60 degree).
Wax Coated (phased tawm)
Melts ntawm tsawg tshaj li los yog sib npaug rau 60 degree, ua rau to thiab ingestion ntawm melted ciab. Maj mam tshem tawm ntawm kev ua lag luam vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb.
3.2 Hom thiab phom sij ntawm cov tshuaj phem
Cov khoom tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov khob ntawv tsis zoo
- Bisphenol A (BPA) & Hloov:Endocrine cuam tshuam; Kev tsiv teb tsaws nce 54x sai dua hauv cov dej npau npau dua li ntawm chav tsev kub.
- Plasticizers (DEHP, DBP):cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, cuam tshuam rau lub siab, metabolism, thiab fertility; qee cov qauv tshaj cov qauv los ntawm 3x.
- Fluorescent Whitening Agents:Yooj yim rau metabolize; Ntev - lub sij hawm tsub zuj zuj tuaj yeem ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tes (muaj peev xwm carcinogenic); 12.7% ntawm cov khoom ua tsis tau qhov kev xeem no.
- Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, As):Mob paj hlwb thiab digestive system puas; Lub teb chaws tus qauv txwv Pb tsiv teb tsaws rau tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.2 mg / kg.
- Microplastic Particles:Tshaj 25,000 cov khoom rau ib khob tom qab 15 feeb nrog 95℃dej; ua raws li "cov neeg nqa tshuaj lom" rau cov hlau hnyav thiab tshuaj tua kab.
3.3 Chemical Migration ntawm Kub Kub
Kev pom ntawm microplastic hais tawm los ntawm cov khob ntawv rau hauv dej kub
Qhov kub thiab txias ua kom cov tshuaj tsiv teb tsaws chaw - molecules tau txais lub zog kinetic, diffusing sai dua rau hauv dej haus. PE khob soften saum 85 degree, PLA khob deform hnyav tshaj 60 degree, thiab wax khob yaj ntawm tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 60 degree. Ntev - siv lub khob tsis zoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob endocrine, ua rau plab hnyuv thiab kab mob siab, thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo mob qog noj ntshav vim muaj cov tshuaj lom ntau ntxiv.
3.4 Ntev -Lub Sij Hawm Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Cov Khoom Siv
Lub sij hawm ntev - siv cov khob dawb tsis zoo yuav ua rau muaj kev mob nkeeg hauv qab no:
Endocrine system cuam tshuam yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev noj qab haus huv. Bisphenol A thiab plasticizers yog ob qho tib si endocrine cuam tshuam. Lub sij hawm ntev - raug cuam tshuam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tso tawm cov tshuaj hormones, ua rau kev coj khaub ncaws tsis zoo, muaj menyuam tsis taus, thiab thyroid tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov no muaj tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau fetuses thiab cov me nyuam mos, uas ua rau muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm lub paj hlwb.
Cov kab mob digestive system. Microplastics thiab cov hlau hnyav sib sau ua ke hauv plab zom mov, txhawb lub plab zom mov thaum lub sijhawm thiab muaj feem ua rau gastritis, gastric ulcers, thiab enteritis. Cov kev tshawb fawb tseem pom tau tias ntev - kev noj cov microplastics cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm plab microbiota, txo cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm 30% thiab nce cov kab mob pathogenic ntau dua ob npaug.
Lub siab puas. Tom qab cov tshuaj lom neeg nkag mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, lawv tsuas yog metabolized los ntawm daim siab. Lub sijhawm ntev - noj cov khoom tsis zoo yuav ua rau lub nra ntawm lub siab, uas ua rau lub siab ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab txawm tias mob siab.
Mob qog noj ntshav. Fluorescent whitening agents thiab polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons yog carcinogenic. Txawm hais tias tus nqi noj nyob rau hauv ib qho piv txwv me me, qhov ntev - lub sij hawm cumulative effect yuav tsum tsis txhob ignored.
IV. Cov Teeb Meem Kub Kub
4.1 Kev tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kub Tsis Txaus
Thaum tshav kub kub tsis kam yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntsuas ntawm daim ntawv khob zoo. Raws li lub teb chaws tus qauv, daim ntawv dawb khob yuav tsum tau xeem dhau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm soaked nyob rau hauv 90℃± 5℃dej kub rau 30 feeb. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub khob dawb ntawm lub khw tsis ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Tsis txaus tshav kub tsis kam feem ntau manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no yam:
Softening ntawm lub khob lub cev yog qhov teeb meem pom tseeb tshaj plaws. Thaum cov dej kub nchuav rau hauv, lub khob ntawv sai sai softens thiab poob nws qhov qub rigidity. Qhov softening no tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev tuav tab sis kuj yuav ua rau lub khob ntawv tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug, yuav tsum tau tuav tas li.
Hauv qab sagging yog lwm qhov teeb meem loj. Thaum kub kub, hauv qab ntawm lub khob ntawv yuav sag ho, txawm kov lub rooj. Qhov kev deformation no tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau kev zoo nkauj xwb tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, tuaj yeem ua rau tawg hauv qab, ua rau kom tawg.
Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev tuav yog qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam tshaj plaws rau cov neeg siv. Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias tom qab nchuav 80℃dej kub rau hauv ib lub khob ntawv zoo tib yam, qhov kub ntawm lub khob phab ntsa yuav nce siab tshaj 40℃hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, ua rau nws nyuaj rau tuav tau ntev. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj yuav tsum haus nws sai sai lossis nrhiav lwm lub thawv, uas tsis yooj yim heev.
4.2 Kev sib piv ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Kub Ua Haujlwm ntawm cov khoom sib txawv
Daim ntawv dawb khob ua los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv kev ua kom sov:
| Hom khoom | Pom zoo ntsuas kub zoo | Qhov siab tshaj qhov ntsuas kub | High Temperature Performance |
|---|---|---|---|
| PE Coated | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 85 degree | ~ 90-95 degree | Softening, deformation, muaj peev xwm tsiv teb tsaws |
| PLA Coated | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 60 degree | ~ 60-70 degree | Mob hnyav softening, deformation, dissolution |
| Wax Coated | Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 50 degree | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 60 degree | Wax melting, poob dej tsis ua haujlwm |
Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub rooj, PE coated ntawv dawb khob muaj qhov ua tau zoo thaum tshav kub kub, tab sis tsuas yog tuaj yeem tiv taus dej kub ntawm 85 degree. PLA daim ntawv dawb lub khob uas yog ib puag ncig zoo ib puag ncig muaj qhov kub tsis zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsuas yog siv tau rau cov dej txias xwb.
4.3 Chain teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm kev kub tsis txaus
Kev tiv thaiv tshav kub tsis txaus ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov saw hlau: muaj kev pheej hmoo kub hnyiab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov pab pawg tsis muaj zog), ua kua dej ntws tawm, tsis muaj peev xwm siv lub khob kom zoo, thiab ua kom tsis zoo ntawm lwm yam teeb meem zoo (tshwj xeeb, deformation), nrog rau kev tso tawm cov khoom tsis zoo.
V. Lwm yam teeb meem zoo
Ntxiv rau plaub qhov teeb meem uas koj tau hais meej meej, cov ntawv khob tsis ruaj tsis khov kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov teeb meem hauv qab no:
5.1 Printing Quality teeb meem
Ink discoloration (19 batch ua tsis tau tejyam kuaj) thiab tsis tsim nyog qhov chaw luam ntawv (ua txhaum 15 hli ntug / 10 hli hauv qab txoj cai) ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb nrog hnyav hlau raug.
5.2 Cov teeb meem kev nyiam huv
Microbial contamination (30% ntawm cov khoom lag luam me) thiab cov pwm loj hlob los ntawm cov av ntub, nrog cov kab mob suav ntau tshaj cov qauv los ntawm 10x.
5.3 Muaj nuj nqi & Environmental Defects
Cov qauv tsim tsis tsim nyog, tsis muaj peev xwm sau npe, rov ua dua tshiab (PE / PLA txheej), thiab cov khoom siv pov tseg loj (21.3 billion khob txhua xyoo).
5.4 Teeb meem Environmental
Txawm hais tias daim ntawv dawb khob tau lees tias yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag tsis yog qhov zoo:
Yooj yim rau rov siv dua. Vim yog PE lossis PLA txheej rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub khob ntawv, cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab tsis tuaj yeem cais cov ntawv thiab cov yas zoo, ua rau nws nyuaj rau rov ua cov khob dawb.
Yooj yim rau degrade. Txawm li ntawd los-hu ua biodegradable PLA daim ntawv dawb khob yuav tsum muaj qee yam kev ua liaj ua teb kom decompose, thiab degrade qeeb heev hauv ib puag ncig ntuj.
Cov peev txheej pov tseg. Qhov loj - siv cov khob dawb cov ntawv pov tseg ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Raws li kev txheeb cais, qhov npaj tau- ua tshuaj yej haus kev lag luam ib leeg siv ntau dua 21.3 billion daim ntawv dawb khob txhua xyoo.
Cov khob ntawv pov tseg qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom ntim pov tseg
Daim ntawv dawb lub khob tsis zoo yog ntau dua qhov tsis yooj yim me me - nws ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov khoom ntiag tug, kev nyab xeeb ntawm tus kheej, thiab kev noj qab haus huv mus sij hawm ntev -. Los ntawm kev xau thiab deformation mus rau zais tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev phom sij thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, qhov tsis xws ntawm cov khob ntawv tsis zoo qhia txog qhov xav tau kev tswj hwm nruj dua thiab kev paub txog cov neeg siv khoom.
- Cov kev pheej hmoo tseem ceeb suav nrog kev kub hnyiab los ntawm kev xau, kev cuam tshuam ntawm endocrine los ntawm cov tshuaj phem, thiab kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo los ntawm microplastics thiab hlau hnyav.
- Lub khob muaj peev xwm loj dua thiab cov uas siv rau cov dej haus kub muaj qhov ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo siab dua, yuav tsum muaj cov qauv nruj dua thiab cov qauv kub.
- Kev xaiv cov khoom tseem ceeb heev - PE-coated khob yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev siv kub, thaum PLA thiab siv quav ciab-coated khob tsuas yog tsim rau cov dej txias xwb.
- Tshaj li kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus kheej, cov khob ntawv tsis zoo ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab vim lawv cov qauv sib xyaw.
Kev paub txog cov teeb meem zoo no yog thawj kauj ruam los ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom xaiv thiab tawm tswv yim rau cov qauv kev lag luam siab dua.
